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VOCABULARY


["A" Congress]: A two year period when all the senators and representatives work together

[administration]: All of the people appointed to work with the President

[alien]: A person who is not a citizen of the country in which she or he lives

[Anaconda Plan]: The four step plan of the North devised to slowly squeeze the life out of the South and win the Civil War

[appeals]: The review of the decision of a court by a higher court

[arsenal]: A place where weapons are kept

[blockade]: To close off the coast and prevent imports and exports

[bonds]: Paper notes given by the government to those whom it has sborrowed money, promising to repay the money in a certain length of time

[brackish water]: Water that is not suitable for drinking; mixture of salt water and fresh water

[Cabinet]: Closest advisors to the President

[casualties]: Number of dead people as well as the injured

[cede]: To give away to (another country or group); yield or grant

[census]: This is taken every 10 years in the U.S. and counts the number of people in each state; the number of representatives from each state depends on this

[charter]: Official paper giving permission for settlement and trade in a certain area

[compact]: Agreement to setup a civil government and obey laws

[compromise]: A settlement of differences by each side giving up part of what it wants

[deserters]: Members of miltary services who run away from their duty

[deport]: To send out of a country

[depression]: A period of slow economic activity with process low and many people out of work

[direct representation]: Voters elected to work for that area

[domestic]: Government affairs inside the country

[double jeopardy]: Being tried for the same crime twice

[electors]: Those named by state legislature to choose a President and a Vice- President

[embargo]: A law stopping all ships except foreign ships without cargo from leaving the country

[freedom of seas]: The right of neutral merchant ships during peace or war toenter any waters except those belonging to a country

[frontier]: The imaginary dividing line between settled and unsettled land

[fugitive]: Someone who has runaway

[Fugitive Slave Act]: Federal officers in the North were expected to help catch escaped slaves and take them back to the South

[House of Representatives]: The "Lower House"; The house of Congress that holds 435 people; number of representatives per state is decided upon according to state populations

[impeachment]: A formal accusation (This does not get the official thrown out of office. It is just the trial.)

[impressment]: The capturing of sailors to work on another's ship

[investors]: People who bought shares in a company

[indentured servant]: These were people who were bound to work for someone in the U.S. for a number of years to pay off their debt

[joint stock company]: Group of investors that put money together to create and colony, hoping to make money in return

[judicial review]: The courts' power to decide whether actions of Congress or the President are according to the Constitution]: Little government regulation; a property characteristic of the conservative side of the political spectrum

[land speculation]: Buying land to sell at a large profit

[Laissez-faire]: An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.

[legislature]: Law-making body

[loose construction]: Broad interpretation of the Constitution (ex., If it doesn't say you can't, you can)

[meeting houses]: Puritan places of worship

[mercenaries]: Hired soldiers

[national anthem]: Song of praise and patriotism

[nationalism]: Pride and loyalty to one's country

[neutral]: The right of a nation to choose not to take sides

[nullification]: A plan by which the states could declare acts of Congress to be unconstitutional

[patronage]: Power to make appointments to government jobs

[pet banks]: State banks in which Jackson placed funds he had withdrawn from the bank of the U.S.

[perpetual]: Everlasting

[Personal Liberty Laws]: Laws which stopped states and local officials in the North from obeying the Fugitive Slave Laws

[plurality]: The greatest number of votes, but less than one half

[popular sovereignty]: People of a territory are allowed the ability to vote on whether or not they support slavery

[precedents]: Actions or court decisions that serve as examples or guides later on

[President Pro Tempore]: Temporary president of the Senate when the Vice President of the U.S. cannot attend

[primary source]: A firsthand account of a historic event (ex., letters, diaries, artifacts)

[proprietary colonies]: Founded on areas of land given to proprietors

[proprietors]: People given large areas of land in America from the government

[patronage]: The power to hire people for government jobs

[quartered]: Given a place to live

[ratify]: To approve

[rituals]: Ceremonies

[royal colony]: Colony under the King's control

[secede]: To break away

[secondary source]: Secondhand account of a historic event based on primary sources. (ex., textbooks, biography, and reports)

[sectionalism]: Rivalry based on the special interests of different areas of the country

[sedition]: The action or the use language to stir up rebellion against a government

[Senate]: The "Upper House" of Congress; The house of Congress that holds 100 members, there is an equal number of representatives per state

[siege]: To surround a particular target and prevent anything from coming or going, potentially starving them

[slaves]: People who were property of their owners

[Speaker of the House]: The leader of the House of Representatives; second in line for the presidency

[specie]: Gold and silver coin

[speculators]: People who buy bonds, stocks, or land to sell at a profit when the price later goes up

[Spoils System]: Giving goverment jobs to political supporters

[state's rights]: The idea that each state could decide when an act of the government was unconstitutional

[strict construction]: Narrow interpretation of the Constitution (ex., If it doesn't say you can, you can't)

[suffrage]: The right to vote

[tariff]: Tax on imported goods

[theater]: An area in a war where action is taking place

[Time & Place Rule]: The closer in time and place a source and its creator were to an event in the past, the better the source will be

["The" Congress]: The Senate and the House of Representatives together

[tribute]: Money paid to a group so that they won't attack you

[turnpike]: A road built by a private company that charged a fee to use the road

[veto]: Refuse to approve

[virtual representation]: Persons elected by English voters to represent all the people of the British empire

[Whip]: A person whose key role is to try to persuade other Senators or Representatives of the same party to vote the way the party leader
wants them to vote on a certain topic

[writs of assistance]: Search warrants that allowed government officials to search anywhere for suspected smuggled goods

[The Growth of Nationalism]